A hernia is a general term used to describe a bulge or abnormal protrusion of the abdominal wall. The abdominal wall is a sheet of muscle that acts like a human corset to stop the organs of the abdomen, primarily the intestines from falling out. When a weakness or tear occurs in this muscle, part of the intestine bulges through and appears as a lump or bulge under the skin, this is referred to as a hernia.
The most common area that is prone to a visible hernia is the lower abdomen/groin (inguinal and femoral hernia). This may give rise to a painful lump under the skin. The most common internal hernia (the hernia is not visible) is a hiatus hernia.
An appropriate comparison would be a rubber tyre with an inner tube. If a weakness occurs in the outer wall of the main tyre (or abdominal muscle), the inner tube can push through the opening. Similarly, a hernia occurs when tissue protrudes through an opening or separation of muscular layers in the abdominal wall.
As the hernia enlarges a bulge appears which is most easily seen when standing or coughing. Lying down allows the tissue to return to its proper position and the bulge may disappear temporarily.
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